I just wanted to give a thumbs up to NASA who have really turned things around.
It has now been 17 years since NASA launched unsuccessful mission beyond low Earth orbit.
The 1990s were a “mixed” period for NASA, as efficiency drives led to corner-cutting and a culture of covering up problems for fear of missing deadlines. Quality control was neglected. The “Faster, Better, Cheaper” under administrator Daniel Goldin was later derided with the epigram: “Faster, Better, Cheaper: choose any two”.
The 1992 Mars Observer (which admittedly was being constructed before Goldin took the reigns) stopped communicating during the approach to Mars. The cause is now thought to be a leak, fundamentally due to incorrect choice of engine.
This was happily followed up in 1996 with two successful missions: Pathfinder/Sojourner and Mars Global Surveyor.
There was then a bad run: Mars Climate Orbiter, which famously failed due to unit conversion problems, Deep Space 2 and Mars Polar Lander were all unsuccessful. MPL and DS2 were both launched in January 1999 and lost contact in December 1999.
Deep Space 1, launched in 1998, was also mostly a failure. It did demonstrate solar electric propulsion but completely failed to image the asteroid due to a pointing error. It went on in an extended mission with a flyby of a comet so it partly redeemed itself.NASA reviewed and renewed their practices. Sometimes this has led to missions being delayed, but while delays are bad and can be costly, obviously they are better than going ahead when unsure.
Another mission approved and designed in the Goldin era was the CONTOUR mission, designed to visit three comets and image their nuclei. It ultimately launched in 2002 and apparently disintegrated soon after the ignition of the solid rocket booster to send it to its first target. It appears that it failed structurally due to heating from the booster. That was NASA’s last failed mission beyond Earth orbit.
It’s been a cavalcade of success since 2000. Just to Mars NASA has had Mars Odyssey, the Spirit and Opportunity rovers, Recon Orbiter, the Phoenix lander, the Curiosity rover, Maven and now Insight. NASA has five pieces of operational hardware at Mars right now (sadly, Opportunity has gone quiet for six months and is probably done.)
Elsewhere NASA has had the Dawn mission to Ceres and Vesta, the Messenger probe to Mercury, a dozen successful lunar missions, the New Horizons mission the Pluto and beyond, Cassini/Huygens, Juno, Parker Solar Probe, the Stardust sample-return mission to a comet, Deep Impact etc.
It’s been a tremendous run.