Postpocelipse said:
thanks for the info on the propagation speed of gravity PM. I’m still unclear whether it is a limitation of particulate matter that ensures that effects are registered at c or whether gravity is governed by that boundary but the information was concise as ever.
No worries, Postpocelipse.
No, it’s not simply “a limitation of particulate matter”, since light is also affected by gravity. In GR, gravity isn’t merely a force that particles exert on each other, it’s a distortion of the metric structure of spacetime itself, so it affects everything.
To be more specific, gravity is a systematic deviation from the simple Pythagorean formula for calculating the spacetime “distance” between two points in spacetime), with the amount of metric distortion caused by a given spacetime region being directly proportional to the energy density there.
In relativity, c is special because it’s the scaling factor relating spatial distances to temporal distances, i.e. 1 light-second of space is the same size as 1 second of time. The geometric structure of spacetime ensures that information cannot travel at faster than this speed, and that particles with zero rest mass (like photons) must, by necessity, travel at that speed. So it’s better to think of c as being a property of spacetime itself rather than it being a property of light, per se.
Admittedly, we don’t yet have a working theory that unites GR with Quantum Mechanics, and we expect that Quantum Gravity theory will provide some subtle corrections to current GR, but the points I made in the previous paragraph are fairly basic and won’t be affected in any significant fashion.
The hypothetical carrier particle of gravity is the graviton. Without a Quantum Gravity theory we can’t say much about gravitons – we can’t even definitively say that they exist, but if they do, then they have to be bosons (like photons), with quantum spin of 2 (photons have a spin quantum number of 1), and they have to be massless, since gravity obeys the inverse square law (in the weak field limit), propagating to infinity. And as I mentioned earlier, massless particles travel at c.
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One major difference between photons & gravitons is that photons have virtually no effect on each other, whereas gravitons are expected to have more of an effect on each other, since any energy density causes gravity; OTOH, under all but the most extreme circumstances, graviton-graviton interaction is still expected to be rather weak, since gravity is such a weak force, compared to the other fundamental forces. Eg, the gravitational attraction between 2 protons is roughly 10⁴⁰ times weaker than the electromagnetic repulsion between them.