> These signals are usually coordinated in one of two ways: time-division duplex, in which a transmitter and receiver take turns broadcasting on the same frequency, and frequency-division duplex, in which the transmitter and receiver broadcast on separate frequencies at the same time.
True. Was working for CSIRO on use of phase multiplex, rather than frequency or time. But that was one way (for optical fibre communications). Another multiplex method is to use polarisation.
> designing elements called circulators built of magnetic materials
Never heard of them.
> silicon transistors on the face of a CMOS chip in an arrangement that reroutes signals as they are captured by both the transmitter and the receiver in order to avoid interference. “You essentially want the signals to kind of circulate in a clockwise sense,” It also helped to use an echo-cancelling receiver that the lab also pioneered. This receiver solves the classic problem that transmitted signals tend to “echo” back into a receiver when a full duplex radio is in operation.
I know about the echo problem. It was first solved by radio engineers working on radar during WWII.