Date: 22/02/2018 22:35:35
From: party_pants
ID: 1191570
Subject: Helicopter Carriers

>> I wish all the navy discussion had been in a thread so I could have read it all. <<

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Date: 22/02/2018 22:38:21
From: party_pants
ID: 1191572
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Tau.Neutrino said:


party_pants said:

A Nimitz Class carrier would be a bit of overkill for protecting sea-lanes and commercial shipping. that is more your high end power projection and international policeman type stuff. Probably a small carrier with a few vertical take-off types would suit our role better. Though probably still out of our price range, and the bloody F-23 aircraft is still in development.

Ok, a smaller fleet, with a smaller carrier that can deal with shipping lane pirates.

At the risk of sounding like an ideas man, you could probably do that with a converted merchant ship carrying a load of medium to large armed helicopter drones. Unless the pirates decide to abandon speed boats and turn to helicopters themselves.

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Date: 22/02/2018 22:39:47
From: party_pants
ID: 1191574
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


As for ‘manoeuvres humans couldn’t take’:

The Douglas A-4 Skyhawk (as the RAN Fleet Air Arm used to operate) has a maximum roll rate of 720 deg per second.

Yes, 720. Two complete rolls in one second. It can be done. You’re going to pop some rivets, probably overpressurise the wing tanks, and damage/deform the wing, but it can be done. The pilot comes out of it better than the machine. 360 deg in one second is tolerable to both man and aircraft.

The F/A-18 Super Hornet has a max roll rate of 120 deg per sec.

Some ex-RAN Skyhawks are still flying in the U.S. Theyre owned by a private firm, which contracts them to the US military to provide ‘enemy’ aircraft for training. Why? Because they’re bloody hard to shoot down.

One of the A-4 contract pilots was asked what aircraft he’d swap his Skyhawk for. His answer: an updated Skyhawk.

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Date: 22/02/2018 22:40:57
From: party_pants
ID: 1191575
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


Tau.Neutrino said:

party_pants said:

Looks like they already exist

yes, lots of things you can buy off the shelve now

We need at least two, ideally three of these:

Garibaldi class light carriers.

Unfortunately, the RAAF has the machinery in Canberra to shout down any such ideas. They maintain that if it has fixed wings, it should be them operating it, and that they can adequately cover naval operations. They can’t, of course, but that’s a lesson that will only be (re)learnt the hard way.

You should have seen the campaign that the RAAF waged in Canberra to convince anyone they could buttonhole about how F-35s can’t operate from HMAS Adelaide and HMAS Canberra. No. Out of the question. Can’t be done. Simply not possible.

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Date: 22/02/2018 22:41:51
From: party_pants
ID: 1191576
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


Bubblecar said:

Should have ordered a batch of Supermarine Seafires, very reliable carrier plane.


They had their own quirks and problems.

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Date: 22/02/2018 22:42:42
From: party_pants
ID: 1191577
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


The ship in the pic is the Italian Navy’s ‘Giuseppe Garabaldi’. It operates McDonnell AV-8B Harriers.

The Spanish also operate AV-8Bs (they call them ‘Matadors’) from their ship, Juan Carlos 1. It’s the same design as HMAS Adelaide and HMAS Canberra.

The RAAF will talk your ear off about how impractical it would be to operate fixed wing aircraft from those ships.

A good thing they can’t speak Spanish.

Reply Quote

Date: 22/02/2018 22:43:49
From: party_pants
ID: 1191578
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


The ship in the pic is the Italian Navy’s ‘Giuseppe Garabaldi’. It operates McDonnell AV-8B Harriers.

The Spanish also operate AV-8Bs (they call them ‘Matadors’) from their ship, Juan Carlos 1. It’s the same design as HMAS Adelaide and HMAS Canberra.

The RAAF will talk your ear off about how impractical it would be to operate fixed wing aircraft from those ships.

A good thing they can’t speak Spanish.

Reply Quote

Date: 22/02/2018 22:44:11
From: party_pants
ID: 1191579
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

mollwollfumble said:


Australia Navy. Oh, so this is what we have now.


Reply Quote

Date: 22/02/2018 23:05:34
From: sibeen
ID: 1191586
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:

Unfortunately, the RAAF has the machinery in Canberra to shout down any such ideas. They maintain that if it has fixed wings, it should be them operating it, and that they can adequately cover naval operations. They can’t, of course, but that’s a lesson that will only be (re)learnt the hard way.

You should have seen the campaign that the RAAF waged in Canberra to convince anyone they could buttonhole about how F-35s can’t operate from HMAS Adelaide and HMAS Canberra. No. Out of the question. Can’t be done. Simply not possible.

c_s, I thought one of the reasons for institutiong ADFA as a tri-service training academy was to foster a more collegial understanding between the rival services. I wonder how this is actually working out? I have a niece who is currently there, I should probably give her a call and find out her views on the matter.

Of course she’s in the army, so has the upper hand in any arguement with the lesser services :)

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 06:21:07
From: mollwollfumble
ID: 1191616
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Thank you for this thread.

Going back to basics, what does Australia need a defence force for? Australia is not like for instance Russia with 14 land-land neighbours, most of them hostile.

OK, let’s accept that Australia does need a defence force. Australia’s borders are, with the sole exception of the Torres Straight Islands, a very long way from the main land masses. That means that any defence force has to have an exceptionally long range, sustained high speed, widely distributed land bases, and be guided by satellite observations.

For longest ramge, nuclear power comes to mind. For high speed ships, capable of chasing down speedboats, catamaran hydroplanes come to mind.

Helicopters tend to be both slow and short range, but for Australia have the massive advantage of being to land anywhere other than the sea. Can we increase the speed, range and firepower (if needed) of helicopters? Helicopters also have the disadvantage of being noisy.

From WW2 we know that aircraft carriers are both necessary and vulnerable.

Another lesson from WW2 is that bombing of land targets is a total waste, it didn’t help Germany or England in Europe and it didn’t help the USA or Japan on pacific islands. It didn’t help the USA in Vietnam either.

For clandestine operations, submarines are the only option, so a seabed submarine detection system makes sense.

Home guard makes more sense than regular army. Australia has a lot of land to patrol.

Air force, I would have to know more about the range and capabilities of planes to make any comment there. Except to say that parachute troops are a must.

So to summarise: more ports, seabed and satellite detection systems, home guard, faster ships and beefed up helicopters, nuclear submarines, unsure about fixed wing aircraft but avoidance of bombers.

What about rough-ocean proof seaplanes? Do any exist?

All without upsetting the neighbours.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 09:27:20
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191648
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

sibeen said:

I thought one of the reasons for institutiong ADFA as a tri-service training academy was to foster a more collegial understanding between the rival services.

Whatever gave you that idea?

ADFA is there to give you a chance to assess the calibre of people you’ll be dealing with throughout your career. They’ll be your contemporaries as you and they rise through the service over the years. You’ll be able to recall them, and say things like, ‘ah,yes, Bloggs – i remember him/her. Adequate sort of person, slow on the uptake, but dead keen once he/she grasps the concept and its benefits’.

General descriptions:

Army (the pongoes): Fairly bright, obviously quite professional in their outlook (they’re willing to sleep in ditches for the sake of the job, after all). Solid, dependable, if unable to understand anything that doesn’t involve rocks and trees.

Air Force (the penguins): Very nice people, generally. Thick as two short planks, most of them. Convinced that they’re superior because others who are convinced of their own superiority told them they are. Convinced also that they are the only defence Australia has. Most of them go on to become clerks or garage mechanics of some kind. A very, very few go on to learn the precursors for being airline pilots.

The Navy (the fish-heads): Smartest of the lot (take that as you will). Generally quite sociable (not many Gunnery Joes left these days), good listeners, if a bit devious. Will be tending to work more with the Army in the future, will (thankfully) not have to deal so much with the windbags of the RAAF. Best uniforms.

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Date: 23/02/2018 11:03:31
From: Witty Rejoinder
ID: 1191658
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

And which service were you in Captain?

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Date: 23/02/2018 11:11:01
From: Cymek
ID: 1191662
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


mollwollfumble said:

Australia Navy. Oh, so this is what we have now.


You’d want them to be well defended by support vessels and aircraft as if sunk its probably carrying a significant percentage of our military equipment

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Date: 23/02/2018 11:18:54
From: roughbarked
ID: 1191666
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Cymek said:


party_pants said:

mollwollfumble said:

Australia Navy. Oh, so this is what we have now.


You’d want them to be well defended by support vessels and aircraft as if sunk its probably carrying a significant percentage of our military equipment

The main purpose for this vessel is relief aid in emergencies or landing at Gallipoli.

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Date: 23/02/2018 11:46:34
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191688
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Witty Rejoinder said:


And which service were you in Captain?

The Senior Service, but i never went to ADFA (for which much thanks).

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Date: 23/02/2018 11:49:28
From: Bubblecar
ID: 1191690
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

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Date: 23/02/2018 11:52:26
From: mollwollfumble
ID: 1191691
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:

General descriptions:

The Navy (the fish-heads): Smartest of the lot (take that as you will). Generally quite sociable (not many Gunnery Joes left these days), good listeners, if a bit devious. Will be tending to work more with the Army in the future, will (thankfully) not have to deal so much with the windbags of the RAAF. Best uniforms.

And submariners? Another breed?

> The main purpose for this vessel is relief aid in emergencies or landing at Gallipoli.

That’s the only purpose of the entire defence force these days isn’t it?

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 11:53:55
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191692
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Bubblecar said:



Interesting.

Shows HMS Alliance in the foreground. ‘Acheron’ class sub, WW2 design. Still survives as a museum ship, the only one of its class still existing.

HMS Aurochs, of the same class, was, i think, ‘loaned’ to Australia before we had our Oberon subs. Aurochs was the last British sub to mount a deck gun.

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Date: 23/02/2018 11:54:29
From: roughbarked
ID: 1191693
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

mollwollfumble said:

> The main purpose for this vessel is relief aid in emergencies or landing at Gallipoli.

That’s the only purpose of the entire defence force these days isn’t it?

As long as we are not at war, yes.

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Date: 23/02/2018 11:56:44
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191695
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Submariners used to be ordinary types who volunteered for subs. Then, they were taken away, and something mysterious was done to them which altered them irretrievably. They used to be the equivalent of the strange relative who was kept in the attic. Very good at what they did, nonetheless.

Don’t know what they’re like these days.

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Date: 23/02/2018 12:02:40
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191698
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

‘Clive Palmer to bring back Palmer United Party for next federal election- – ABC News

Oh, just piss off, Clive.

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Date: 23/02/2018 12:03:11
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191699
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Whoops, thought that was going into ‘chat’.

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Date: 23/02/2018 20:06:28
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191902
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Australia relies on our Sea Lines of Communications (SLOC).

In this environment we really need to consider how to protect the SLOCs and for that we really do need to be in the power projection business.

We lost out carrier capability over 30 years ago, and it has taken nearly six years to bring ourselves to a standard where we are beginning to relearn. It will be a number of years before we would be capable of operating fixed wing aircraft again.

That being said, the LHD platform is capable of operating refurbished AV-8Bs very well.

We could operate the F-35B but not without some significant modification to the platform or having to accept very restrictive flight parameters.

I think you’ll see the FAA doing some significant things in the future.

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Date: 23/02/2018 20:16:36
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191903
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Oh – I forgot to mention just how vital our submarine force is.

If you have a submarine force of eight subs and you – the opposition – only know where two are, that means that any seaborne force has to account for multiple submarines attacking them at any time…. even though those submarine may not be anywhere near where the opposing force is.

The simple fact of having a submarine force provides a threat to any potential foe.

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Date: 23/02/2018 20:24:55
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191905
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Obviousman said:

I think you’ll see the FAA doing some significant things in the future.

The RAAF will have to grow up first.

At present, and for the last couple of decades, the RAAF has maintained that it, and it alone, has the right to operate fixed-wing aircraft.

Their most joyous day was when the FAA had to hand over their Macchi trainers to the RAAF. They were painting out the NAVY lettering almost before the aircraft had come to a complete stop.

They were terribly shocked when they lost control of battlefield helicopters to the Army, and have never really gotten over that. It made them pathologically defensive about their ‘domain’.

The RAAF’s greatest nightmare is a resurgent FAA. As i’ve said here before, they have previously and will again mount vigorous campaigns in Canberra to ear-bash anyone and everyone about how FWAs can’t possibly operate from the Navy’s LHDs.

When the RAAF can see the same writing on the wall that many other nations have seen since the 1980s, then the FAA might have a chance to do great things.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:27:19
From: party_pants
ID: 1191906
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


Obviousman said:

I think you’ll see the FAA doing some significant things in the future.

The RAAF will have to grow up first.

At present, and for the last couple of decades, the RAAF has maintained that it, and it alone, has the right to operate fixed-wing aircraft.

Their most joyous day was when the FAA had to hand over their Macchi trainers to the RAAF. They were painting out the NAVY lettering almost before the aircraft had come to a complete stop.

They were terribly shocked when they lost control of battlefield helicopters to the Army, and have never really gotten over that. It made them pathologically defensive about their ‘domain’.

The RAAF’s greatest nightmare is a resurgent FAA. As i’ve said here before, they have previously and will again mount vigorous campaigns in Canberra to ear-bash anyone and everyone about how FWAs can’t possibly operate from the Navy’s LHDs.

When the RAAF can see the same writing on the wall that many other nations have seen since the 1980s, then the FAA might have a chance to do great things.

Maybe the RAAF can be distracted for a while with some new toys to play with?

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:30:30
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191907
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:

Maybe the RAAF can be distracted for a while with some new toys to play with?

Unfortunately, their toys are so expensive that there’s no money left to buy anything even vaguely similar for anyone else. In that way, it’s a good strategy to always insist on the latest and greatest, as it chews up all the money that’s possibly available, leaving no scope for alternative concepts.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:30:44
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191908
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


The RAAF’s greatest nightmare is a resurgent FAA. As i’ve said here before, they have previously and will again mount vigorous campaigns in Canberra to ear-bash anyone and everyone about how FWAs can’t possibly operate from the Navy’s LHDs.

When the RAAF can see the same writing on the wall that many other nations have seen since the 1980s, then the FAA might have a chance to do great things.

You are quite right….. but times can change.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:31:57
From: Witty Rejoinder
ID: 1191910
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

What does FAA stand for?

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:32:48
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191911
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Obviousman said:


captain_spalding said:

The RAAF’s greatest nightmare is a resurgent FAA. As i’ve said here before, they have previously and will again mount vigorous campaigns in Canberra to ear-bash anyone and everyone about how FWAs can’t possibly operate from the Navy’s LHDs.

When the RAAF can see the same writing on the wall that many other nations have seen since the 1980s, then the FAA might have a chance to do great things.

You are quite right….. but times can change.

We’ll need time for a new generation of RAAF leaders to rise through the ranks to where they can hopefully bring newer and more intelligent thinking to bear on policy.

That means it won’t happen any time soon.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:32:51
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191912
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


party_pants said:

Maybe the RAAF can be distracted for a while with some new toys to play with?

Unfortunately, their toys are so expensive that there’s no money left to buy anything even vaguely similar for anyone else. In that way, it’s a good strategy to always insist on the latest and greatest, as it chews up all the money that’s possibly available, leaving no scope for alternative concepts.

Perhaps if the RAAF has the chance to operate F-35Bs from a mobile platform? Perhaps they would then ask for additional purchases… and have the support of another service?

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:33:09
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191913
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Witty Rejoinder said:


What does FAA stand for?

Fleet Air Arm

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:33:16
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191914
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Witty Rejoinder said:


What does FAA stand for?

Fanny Adams Airways

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:35:08
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191915
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Obviousman said:

Perhaps if the RAAF has the chance to operate F-35Bs from a mobile platform? Perhaps they would then ask for additional purchases… and have the support of another service?

The British tried that early on in the history of aircraft carriers. RN provided the ships, RAF provided planes and pilots. It was such a raging success that the Fleet Air Arm was created, and the services of the RAF dispensed with.

Didn’t work the. Not likely to work now.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:38:27
From: sibeen
ID: 1191916
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Does the army still operate fixed wing stuff out of Oakey?

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:39:10
From: party_pants
ID: 1191918
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Obviousman said:


Australia relies on our Sea Lines of Communications (SLOC).

In this environment we really need to consider how to protect the SLOCs and for that we really do need to be in the power projection business.

We lost out carrier capability over 30 years ago, and it has taken nearly six years to bring ourselves to a standard where we are beginning to relearn. It will be a number of years before we would be capable of operating fixed wing aircraft again.

That being said, the LHD platform is capable of operating refurbished AV-8Bs very well.

We could operate the F-35B but not without some significant modification to the platform or having to accept very restrictive flight parameters.

I think you’ll see the FAA doing some significant things in the future.

On a serious note, doesn’t that power projection stuff mean going bigger with the carriers and adopting nuclear power?

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:39:51
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191919
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


Obviousman said:

Perhaps if the RAAF has the chance to operate F-35Bs from a mobile platform? Perhaps they would then ask for additional purchases… and have the support of another service?

The British tried that early on in the history of aircraft carriers. RN provided the ships, RAF provided planes and pilots. It was such a raging success that the Fleet Air Arm was created, and the services of the RAF dispensed with.

Didn’t work the. Not likely to work now.

It seemed to work for the Brits until their budget was cut: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Force_Harrier

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:40:11
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191920
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

sibeen said:


Does the army still operate fixed wing stuff out of Oakey?

No fixed wing, only rotary.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:40:37
From: sibeen
ID: 1191921
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

sibeen said:


Does the army still operate fixed wing stuff out of Oakey?

They used to operate the Turbo-Porters out of there. I spent many a joyful (sic) day sitting in the co-pilots seat and doing laps around the Darling Downs.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:40:46
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191922
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

sibeen said:


Does the army still operate fixed wing stuff out of Oakey?

No. Helicopters only. They have a Pilatus Porter in the museum there. That’s it.

As you’d know and expect, sibeen, we often see Tigers and MRH90s and the occasional Kiowa over Toowoomba.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:43:10
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191926
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


On a serious note, doesn’t that power projection stuff mean going bigger with the carriers and adopting nuclear power?

No. it means – in essence – being able to engage the opposition at a greater distance from your resources than would otherwise be available.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:45:21
From: sibeen
ID: 1191931
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


sibeen said:

Does the army still operate fixed wing stuff out of Oakey?

No. Helicopters only. They have a Pilatus Porter in the museum there. That’s it.

As you’d know and expect, sibeen, we often see Tigers and MRH90s and the occasional Kiowa over Toowoomba.

Looking it up it appears that teh Army lost their last fixed wing assets, a whole three aircraft, to the RAAF in 2009.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:47:34
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191932
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

sibeen said:


captain_spalding said:

sibeen said:

Does the army still operate fixed wing stuff out of Oakey?

No. Helicopters only. They have a Pilatus Porter in the museum there. That’s it.

As you’d know and expect, sibeen, we often see Tigers and MRH90s and the occasional Kiowa over Toowoomba.

Looking it up it appears that teh Army lost their last fixed wing assets, a whole three aircraft, to the RAAF in 2009.

‘If it’s fixed-wing, it’s ours’ – engraved on every RAAFie’s heart.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:49:19
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191935
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Obviousman said:


party_pants said:

On a serious note, doesn’t that power projection stuff mean going bigger with the carriers and adopting nuclear power?

No. it means – in essence – being able to engage the opposition at a greater distance from your resources than would otherwise be available.

It also means not having 100% of your aviation assets tied to big concrete runways, the precise locations of which are known to everyone in the world.

It also means you get better aviators. RAN flyers could and frequently did fly rings around RAAFies.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:53:01
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191940
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


It also means you get better aviators. RAN flyers could and frequently did fly rings around RAAFies.

I’m not going to comment on that.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 20:53:19
From: sibeen
ID: 1191941
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


sibeen said:

captain_spalding said:

No. Helicopters only. They have a Pilatus Porter in the museum there. That’s it.

As you’d know and expect, sibeen, we often see Tigers and MRH90s and the occasional Kiowa over Toowoomba.

Looking it up it appears that teh Army lost their last fixed wing assets, a whole three aircraft, to the RAAF in 2009.

‘If it’s fixed-wing, it’s ours’ – engraved on every RAAFie’s heart.

Can I say, i my defense, I always hated them!

:)

I will admit that whenever I was in a tri-service situation the pussers and the pongoes seemed to gell well. The fly boys were generally shunned.

I once spent 8 weeks at the RAAF training base at Edinburugh. Early 80s, and working across the road at defence research labs. It was quite funny as the RAAF instructors wore ‘greens’ with a navy blue beret, and as I was in sigs I wore greens with a navy blue beret. I’d be walking down the road and it was like the sea was parting in front of me :)

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 21:00:08
From: party_pants
ID: 1191942
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Maybe we could just let every branch buy their own aircraft as they see fit and outsource all the piloting duties to Serco.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 21:01:27
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191945
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


Maybe we could just let every branch buy their own aircraft as they see fit and outsource all the piloting duties to Serco.

That’s already underway but not with Serco.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 21:32:38
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191960
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Obviousman said:

It seemed to work for the Brits until their budget was cut: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Force_Harrier

There were reasons why battlefield helicopters were taken away from the RAAF, and given to the Army.

Having RAAF aircraft and pilots aboard ships is quire likely to see those same reasons resurface in a different setting.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 21:43:56
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191963
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


Obviousman said:

It seemed to work for the Brits until their budget was cut: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Force_Harrier


There were reasons why battlefield helicopters were taken away from the RAAF, and given to the Army.

Having RAAF aircraft and pilots aboard ships is quire likely to see those same reasons resurface in a different setting.

The reason that the helos were given to the Army was because the Army would employ them.

If there was a situation with RAAF pilots flying RAAF aircraft aboard an RAN platform, I would imagine that the command structure would be such that the Navy directed the embarked forces.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 21:50:13
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191964
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Obviousman said:

Actually, I should clarify that. If there were RAAF aircraft aboard an RAN platform carrying out a Navy task then they would be under the command of the Navy.

To be honest, an embarked force might always operate that way. That is not to discount the occasion where Army or Air Force might direct the employment of embarked forces if specifically directed.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 21:55:42
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1191965
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Obviousman said:


Obviousman said:

Actually, I should clarify that. If there were RAAF aircraft aboard an RAN platform carrying out a Navy task then they would be under the command of the Navy.

To be honest, an embarked force might always operate that way. That is not to discount the occasion where Army or Air Force might direct the employment of embarked forces if specifically directed.

And that’s the actual reasons why the Army was given the helicopters.

Overlapping and conflicting lines of command, control, and responsibility. Different doctrines, different priorities. What we see as important and urgent, against what you see as important and urgent. What you see as necessary risk against what we see as necessary risk. Who take orders from, under what circumstance i take orders from them, to what extent, and who i obey under another set of circumstances.

Utterly unnecessary, and resolved by removing the RAAF from the picture.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 21:56:35
From: party_pants
ID: 1191966
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


Obviousman said:

party_pants said:

On a serious note, doesn’t that power projection stuff mean going bigger with the carriers and adopting nuclear power?

No. it means – in essence – being able to engage the opposition at a greater distance from your resources than would otherwise be available.

It also means not having 100% of your aviation assets tied to big concrete runways, the precise locations of which are known to everyone in the world.

It also means you get better aviators. RAN flyers could and frequently did fly rings around RAAFies.

Mind you, concrete runways are relatively cheap and easy to construct compared to aircraft carrying ships.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 21:58:04
From: AwesomeO
ID: 1191967
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

The US carriers though Navy have a Navy Air Arm and the Captain of a carrier is also a pilot, which I guess makes sense in what they are doing, ie that command from the pentagon joint chiefs would go direct to the Carrier Group. Marines have another arm, which makes sense as it operates in support of them.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 22:00:02
From: Bubblecar
ID: 1191968
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 22:01:11
From: party_pants
ID: 1191969
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Bubblecar said:



Very sloppy. Couldn’t they have lined up in numerical order?

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 22:01:44
From: AwesomeO
ID: 1191970
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Secure the Building!

In navy talk turn off power, close the doors,

In Marines talk, assault the building,

In Army talk, stop anyone getting in,

In Air Force talk, take out a lease with option to buy.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 22:01:50
From: PermeateFree
ID: 1191971
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Bubblecar said:



Could at least got them into some sort of order.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 22:02:15
From: sibeen
ID: 1191972
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


Bubblecar said:


Very sloppy. Couldn’t they have lined up in numerical order?

The RAAF would have.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 22:03:34
From: AwesomeO
ID: 1191973
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

PermeateFree said:


Bubblecar said:


Could at least got them into some sort of order.

The lead would be the commander and maybe the rest are in seniority? No clue, just guessing. Things are usually done for a reason.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 22:03:41
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191974
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Bubblecar said:



I remember that day.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 22:05:58
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191975
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


Very sloppy. Couldn’t they have lined up in numerical order?

Just getting that number of aircraft in the air was a great achievement.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 22:16:01
From: Bubblecar
ID: 1191976
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

You can get a Russian plastic model kit of that helicopter in Australian anti-submarine service.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 22:18:18
From: party_pants
ID: 1191978
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Obviousman said:


Bubblecar said:


I remember that day.

Were you flying on one them that day?

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 22:24:11
From: Bubblecar
ID: 1191981
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

And a Matchbox one.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 22:25:15
From: Obviousman
ID: 1191983
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


Obviousman said:

Were you flying on one them that day?

No, I was grounded but I remember the occasion.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 22:30:35
From: party_pants
ID: 1191987
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Obviousman said:


party_pants said:

Obviousman said:

Were you flying on one them that day?

No, I was grounded but I remember the occasion.

I remember the picture. Somewhere I got an ADF calendar as a teenager. Might have been in a showbag at a careers expo or something.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 23:53:18
From: mollwollfumble
ID: 1192037
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Any opinion on this? As a compromise that doesn’t require a big aircraft carrier. It folds up small on board ship.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Boeing_V-22_Osprey

Capacity 32 troops.
Has a very high cruising speed of 446 km/hr.
Range 1627 km, or 3590 km with extra internal fuel tanks.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 23:56:32
From: AwesomeO
ID: 1192040
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

mollwollfumble said:


Any opinion on this? As a compromise that doesn’t require a big aircraft carrier. It folds up small on board ship.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Boeing_V-22_Osprey

Capacity 32 troops.
Has a very high cruising speed of 446 km/hr.
Range 1627 km, or 3590 km with extra internal fuel tanks.

It’ll get there, has been some problems in transition lift and also if an engine fails huge torque reactions mean it crashes. Last I read software fixes and other refinements are making it easier to pilot and getting rid of some of the major maintenance issues.

Reply Quote

Date: 23/02/2018 23:57:47
From: party_pants
ID: 1192041
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

mollwollfumble said:


Any opinion on this? As a compromise that doesn’t require a big aircraft carrier. It folds up small on board ship.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Boeing_V-22_Osprey

Capacity 32 troops.
Has a very high cruising speed of 446 km/hr.
Range 1627 km, or 3590 km with extra internal fuel tanks.

One of those projects that took lots of money and many years to complete. They were regarded as the world’s most unsafe aircraft at one stage after a few crashes. I guess people are waiting to see if they are any good.

Reply Quote

Date: 24/02/2018 14:51:13
From: Obviousman
ID: 1192352
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Bubblecar said:


And a Matchbox one.


The earlier Mk31A. The ones in the photo were Mk31Bs; see just behind the main rotor head? On the A it just slopes down but on the B it sort of flattens out.

Reply Quote

Date: 24/02/2018 14:52:55
From: Obviousman
ID: 1192354
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


mollwollfumble said:

Any opinion on this? As a compromise that doesn’t require a big aircraft carrier. It folds up small on board ship.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Boeing_V-22_Osprey

Capacity 32 troops.
Has a very high cruising speed of 446 km/hr.
Range 1627 km, or 3590 km with extra internal fuel tanks.

One of those projects that took lots of money and many years to complete. They were regarded as the world’s most unsafe aircraft at one stage after a few crashes. I guess people are waiting to see if they are any good.

Yeah, they’ve had their issues but both crews and commanders swear by them; they love it.

It would be interesting but I don’t think it fits on the deck lifts of an LHD.

Reply Quote

Date: 24/02/2018 15:29:25
From: party_pants
ID: 1192367
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Obviousman said:

Yeah, they’ve had their issues but both crews and commanders swear by them; they love it.

It would be interesting but I don’t think it fits on the deck lifts of an LHD.

Maybe we should just sell them to Thailand or some other country that needs a flasher new royal yacht, and start again building a couple of new ones. This time big enough to take a few F-35B and Ospreys and stuff.

Reply Quote

Date: 24/02/2018 16:04:46
From: Witty Rejoinder
ID: 1192373
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


Obviousman said:

Yeah, they’ve had their issues but both crews and commanders swear by them; they love it.

It would be interesting but I don’t think it fits on the deck lifts of an LHD.

Maybe we should just sell them to Thailand or some other country that needs a flasher new royal yacht, and start again building a couple of new ones. This time big enough to take a few F-35B and Ospreys and stuff.

But stadiums?!?

Reply Quote

Date: 24/02/2018 16:06:33
From: party_pants
ID: 1192374
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Witty Rejoinder said:


party_pants said:

Obviousman said:

Yeah, they’ve had their issues but both crews and commanders swear by them; they love it.

It would be interesting but I don’t think it fits on the deck lifts of an LHD.

Maybe we should just sell them to Thailand or some other country that needs a flasher new royal yacht, and start again building a couple of new ones. This time big enough to take a few F-35B and Ospreys and stuff.

But stadiums?!?

they tend to be a state irresponsibility

Reply Quote

Date: 24/02/2018 16:44:03
From: mollwollfumble
ID: 1192386
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


mollwollfumble said:

Any opinion on this? As a compromise that doesn’t require a big aircraft carrier. It folds up small on board ship.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Boeing_V-22_Osprey

Capacity 32 troops.
Has a very high cruising speed of 446 km/hr.
Range 1627 km, or 3590 km with extra internal fuel tanks.

One of those projects that took lots of money and many years to complete. They were regarded as the world’s most unsafe aircraft at one stage after a few crashes. I guess people are waiting to see if they are any good.

The F-111 was regarded as the world’s most unsafe aircraft at about the time that Australia bought them. Then Australia fixed then.

But noted, the Osprey is not necessarily safe.

Reply Quote

Date: 25/02/2018 14:07:42
From: Obviousman
ID: 1192692
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Obviousman said:


Australia relies on our Sea Lines of Communications (SLOC).

In this environment we really need to consider how to protect the SLOCs and for that we really do need to be in the power projection business.

We lost out carrier capability over 30 years ago, and it has taken nearly six years to bring ourselves to a standard where we are beginning to relearn. It will be a number of years before we would be capable of operating fixed wing aircraft again.

That being said, the LHD platform is capable of operating refurbished AV-8Bs very well.

We could operate the F-35B but not without some significant modification to the platform or having to accept very restrictive flight parameters.

I think you’ll see the FAA doing some significant things in the future.

Someone asked why not the F-35B. Yes, we can accomodate them but for continued operations, the deck would need to be significantly strengthened (against the jet blast). The weight of that modification is prohibitive.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 21:48:00
From: party_pants
ID: 1198543
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Obviousman said:


party_pants said:

Maybe we could just let every branch buy their own aircraft as they see fit and outsource all the piloting duties to Serco.

That’s already underway but not with Serco.

Was reminded of this thread when reading something today. Apparently there are a couple of private operators in the US with their own aircraft that do contracts for pilot training and air combat training. Seems like a fun business to be in if you’ve got a spare couple hundred mil.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 21:52:00
From: Rule 303
ID: 1198544
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:

Apparently there are a couple of private operators in the US with their own aircraft that do contracts for pilot training and air combat training. Seems like a fun business to be in if you’ve got a spare couple hundred mil.

I did a day of that air combat training in California, including 6 ‘combat’ scenarios in real planes.

Best
Fun
Ever!

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 21:54:11
From: party_pants
ID: 1198545
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Rule 303 said:


party_pants said:
Apparently there are a couple of private operators in the US with their own aircraft that do contracts for pilot training and air combat training. Seems like a fun business to be in if you’ve got a spare couple hundred mil.

I did a day of that air combat training in California, including 6 ‘combat’ scenarios in real planes.

Best
Fun
Ever!

What sort of planes?

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:04:28
From: Rule 303
ID: 1198547
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


Rule 303 said:

party_pants said:
Apparently there are a couple of private operators in the US with their own aircraft that do contracts for pilot training and air combat training. Seems like a fun business to be in if you’ve got a spare couple hundred mil.

I did a day of that air combat training in California, including 6 ‘combat’ scenarios in real planes.

Best
Fun
Ever!

What sort of planes?

Ex-Italian Air Force trainers. 290hp single engine prop. Airframe stiffened for acrobatics.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:06:07
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1198548
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


Obviousman said:

party_pants said:

Maybe we could just let every branch buy their own aircraft as they see fit and outsource all the piloting duties to Serco.

That’s already underway but not with Serco.

Was reminded of this thread when reading something today. Apparently there are a couple of private operators in the US with their own aircraft that do contracts for pilot training and air combat training. Seems like a fun business to be in if you’ve got a spare couple hundred mil.

One of those operators has some ex-RAN Douglas Skyhawks in their inventory, and flies them to provide US forces with realistic ‘enemies’ for training.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:06:07
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1198549
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


Obviousman said:

party_pants said:

Maybe we could just let every branch buy their own aircraft as they see fit and outsource all the piloting duties to Serco.

That’s already underway but not with Serco.

Was reminded of this thread when reading something today. Apparently there are a couple of private operators in the US with their own aircraft that do contracts for pilot training and air combat training. Seems like a fun business to be in if you’ve got a spare couple hundred mil.

One of those operators has some ex-RAN Douglas Skyhawks in their inventory, and flies them to provide US forces with realistic ‘enemies’ for training.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:14:46
From: party_pants
ID: 1198550
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


party_pants said:

Obviousman said:

That’s already underway but not with Serco.

Was reminded of this thread when reading something today. Apparently there are a couple of private operators in the US with their own aircraft that do contracts for pilot training and air combat training. Seems like a fun business to be in if you’ve got a spare couple hundred mil.

One of those operators has some ex-RAN Douglas Skyhawks in their inventory, and flies them to provide US forces with realistic ‘enemies’ for training.

Are they ex-RAN via New Zealand?

This mob?

http://www.drakenintl.com

They’d got somewhere around 75 aircraft of various types.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:16:22
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1198551
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

Rule 303 said:


party_pants said:
Apparently there are a couple of private operators in the US with their own aircraft that do contracts for pilot training and air combat training. Seems like a fun business to be in if you’ve got a spare couple hundred mil.

I did a day of that air combat training in California, including 6 ‘combat’ scenarios in real planes.

Best
Fun
Ever!

I had several hours in the back seat of a FAA Macchi jet trainer, flown by a long-time friend.

That included several ‘exercises’ which were essentially dogfighting against other Macchis.

It was enormously exhilarating, once you got past the going from heavy positive g-forces (almost blacking out, having every organ in your body trying to move to your feet, being squeezed by the pressure suit) to high negative g-forces (being weightless, restrained by the seat harness, but with every particle of dust and grit from the cockpit floor (despite scrupulous cleaning) floating in front of you, getting other bits of your body squeezed), with the pilot shouting ‘where is he? where is he? Look for him, i need to know where he is!’, straining to look over your shoulder, trying to keep your breakfast down, trying to spot fast moving, distant specks while your own aircraft is doing any or all of several different types of gyration, with the horizon spinning this way, then that way….

It’s a great way to lose weight. I reckon i lost two or three kilos of sweat in every one of those sessions.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:16:45
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1198552
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


captain_spalding said:

party_pants said:

Was reminded of this thread when reading something today. Apparently there are a couple of private operators in the US with their own aircraft that do contracts for pilot training and air combat training. Seems like a fun business to be in if you’ve got a spare couple hundred mil.

One of those operators has some ex-RAN Douglas Skyhawks in their inventory, and flies them to provide US forces with realistic ‘enemies’ for training.

Are they ex-RAN via New Zealand?

This mob?

http://www.drakenintl.com

They’d got somewhere around 75 aircraft of various types.

That might be them.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:18:13
From: roughbarked
ID: 1198553
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

party_pants said:


Obviousman said:

party_pants said:

Maybe we could just let every branch buy their own aircraft as they see fit and outsource all the piloting duties to Serco.

That’s already underway but not with Serco.

Was reminded of this thread when reading something today. Apparently there are a couple of private operators in the US with their own aircraft that do contracts for pilot training and air combat training. Seems like a fun business to be in if you’ve got a spare couple hundred mil.

Helicopters are still so limited though and expensive to run.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:20:57
From: roughbarked
ID: 1198554
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

roughbarked said:


party_pants said:

Obviousman said:

That’s already underway but not with Serco.

Was reminded of this thread when reading something today. Apparently there are a couple of private operators in the US with their own aircraft that do contracts for pilot training and air combat training. Seems like a fun business to be in if you’ve got a spare couple hundred mil.

Helicopters are still so limited though and expensive to run.

I was surprised that the best they could come up with in a recent surveillance here was 300 odd plants.

Seems like that was a cost overrun.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:24:36
From: roughbarked
ID: 1198555
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

roughbarked said:


roughbarked said:

party_pants said:

Was reminded of this thread when reading something today. Apparently there are a couple of private operators in the US with their own aircraft that do contracts for pilot training and air combat training. Seems like a fun business to be in if you’ve got a spare couple hundred mil.

Helicopters are still so limited though and expensive to run.

I was surprised that the best they could come up with in a recent surveillance here was 300 odd plants.

Seems like that was a cost overrun.

Turns out that the helicopter only showed up for propaganda. The cops knew who was growing what where.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:26:19
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1198556
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

roughbarked said:

Turns out that the helicopter only showed up for propaganda. The cops knew who was growing what where.

Ah, the ‘plausible-source’ ploy.

Blame the detection of the plants on the helicopter flight, to divert suspicion away from local informants.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:28:18
From: roughbarked
ID: 1198557
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


roughbarked said:

Turns out that the helicopter only showed up for propaganda. The cops knew who was growing what where.

Ah, the ‘plausible-source’ ploy.

Blame the detection of the plants on the helicopter flight, to divert suspicion away from local informants.

Visible deterrent’s.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:28:54
From: roughbarked
ID: 1198558
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

roughbarked said:


captain_spalding said:

roughbarked said:

Turns out that the helicopter only showed up for propaganda. The cops knew who was growing what where.

Ah, the ‘plausible-source’ ploy.

Blame the detection of the plants on the helicopter flight, to divert suspicion away from local informants.

Visible deterrent’s.

How can I ever remove that apostrophe?

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:29:40
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1198559
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

roughbarked said:


captain_spalding said:

roughbarked said:

Turns out that the helicopter only showed up for propaganda. The cops knew who was growing what where.

Ah, the ‘plausible-source’ ploy.

Blame the detection of the plants on the helicopter flight, to divert suspicion away from local informants.

Visible deterrent’s.

That, too. Show that you’re serious, willing to bring the big toys into the game, hang the expense, etc.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:32:25
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1198562
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

roughbarked said:

Visible deterrent’s.

How can I ever remove that apostrophe?

With one of these:

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:34:37
From: roughbarked
ID: 1198563
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

captain_spalding said:


roughbarked said:

captain_spalding said:

Ah, the ‘plausible-source’ ploy.

Blame the detection of the plants on the helicopter flight, to divert suspicion away from local informants.

Visible deterrent’s.

That, too. Show that you’re serious, willing to bring the big toys into the game, hang the expense, etc.

It is also about that from on high they can get current and often incrimminating photos of the action that occurs. Remember that when the helicopters are there, the black attack vehicles are at the gate..

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:41:08
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1198567
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

roughbarked said:


captain_spalding said:

roughbarked said:

Visible deterrent’s.

That, too. Show that you’re serious, willing to bring the big toys into the game, hang the expense, etc.

It is also about that from on high they can get current and often incrimminating photos of the action that occurs. Remember that when the helicopters are there, the black attack vehicles are at the gate..

And one of these circling behind the ridge…

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:41:43
From: roughbarked
ID: 1198568
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

roughbarked said:


captain_spalding said:

roughbarked said:

Visible deterrent’s.

That, too. Show that you’re serious, willing to bring the big toys into the game, hang the expense, etc.

It is also about that from on high they can get current and often incrimminating photos of the action that occurs. Remember that when the helicopters are there, the black attack vehicles are at the gate..

It really is a far cry from the news coverage I saw on my television of Robert Tribole(Aussie Bob), in his two tone piebald Italian leather footwear, shoving plants in the boot of a car and accompanied by certain dectectives, no doubt. All the while said plantsvwere apparently burning on a heap of pushed down peach trees.

i Dare someone to find this footage today.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:42:24
From: mollwollfumble
ID: 1198569
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

> Visible deterrents.

Ain’t no such thing.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:43:11
From: captain_spalding
ID: 1198570
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

mollwollfumble said:


> Visible deterrents.

Ain’t no such thing.

Not while the money’s good.

Reply Quote

Date: 12/03/2018 22:45:54
From: roughbarked
ID: 1198572
Subject: re: Helicopter Carriers

mollwollfumble said:


> Visible deterrents.

Ain’t no such thing.

Doesn’t seem to work. No.

Reply Quote